Every day,animals face 每天,动物都会面对
the single greatest challenge of their lives 他们生活中最大的挑战
find food or die. 要么找食物要么死.
With no guarantee of where the next meal is coming from 不知道下一顿饭从哪里来
the stakes couldn't be higher. 赌注再高不过了.
So what can animals do to tip the balance in their favor? 那么,动物们能做些什么来打破这种平衡呢？
Would they lie,cheat,or steal from one another 他们会撒谎,欺骗,还是偷别人的东西
Aah! 啊！
NARRATOR: just get an advantage, 旁白:只要有优势,
just to survive? 只是为了生存？
Come on,of course they would! 来吧,他们当然会的！
Meet the planet's greatest animal hustlers. 见见地球上最伟大的动物骗子.
The con artists,impersonators,and thieves. 骗子、冒名顶替者和小偷.
Animals that will do whatever it takes to get a meal. 会不惜一切代价得到一顿饭的动物.
NARRATOR: Meet the orchid mantis. 讲述者:遇见兰花螳螂.
An ambush predator. 埋伏的捕食者.
But it has a big problem. 但它有一个大问题.
It preys on flying insects. 它捕食飞虫.
Lightning fast and agile, 闪电般的敏捷,
flying insects are some of the hardest things 飞虫是最难的东西之一
to catch on the planet. 去捕捉这个星球.
Though one thing is guaranteed to attract their attention 但有一件事肯定会引起他们的注意
flowers. 花.
With their promise of nectar and pollen, 带着花蜜和花粉的承诺,
flowers draw insects in from far and wide. 花从四面八方吸引昆虫.
And the orchid mantis exploits this to the max 兰花螳螂把这一切发挥到了极致
by being a perfect mimic of a flower. 就像一朵花.
To fool its prey,it's legs,body, 为了愚弄它的猎物,它的腿,身体,
and even its eyes are sculpted into this deceitful disguise. 甚至它的眼睛也被雕刻成这种欺骗的伪装.
Combined with pin-sharp vision and a ninja-fast strike, 再加上敏锐的视觉和忍者的快速打击,
it makes this mantis a very deadly assassin. 这使得这只螳螂成为一个非常致命的杀手.
But even with a cover as good as this,the pressure is on. 但即使有这么好的掩护,压力还是很大的.
It needs to kill something every few days, 它需要每隔几天就杀死一些东西,
or it will simply starve to death. 否则它就会饿死.
The problem is the mantis relies upon an insect 问题是螳螂依赖昆虫
visiting the specific flower that it's sitting on 拜访它所坐的特定的花
to make a strike. 罢工.
It's a waiting game 这是一个等待的游戏
which could take days. 可能需要几天时间.
So,could there be a better way? 那么,有没有更好的方法呢？
Scientists suspected the mantis was doing more 科学家怀疑螳螂做的更多
than just waiting around in a clever disguise. 而不是只是在外面伪装.
Its strike rate was just too high. 它的命中率太高了.
Could the mantis be doing something else 螳螂会做别的什么吗
to attract insects in its own right? 吸引昆虫？
James O'Hanlon is an expert in orchid mantis behavior, 詹姆斯·奥汉伦是兰花螳螂行为的专家,
and he's discovering there's far more to this predator 他发现这个捕食者还有更多
than first meets the eye. 比第一眼看到的还要多.
I've got two posts in the ground. 我在地上有两个柱子.
On this first post here 在这里的第一个帖子上
I'm going to tether a flower. 我要系上一朵花.
And on this other post, 在另一个帖子上,
I'm going to stick a little orchid mantis, 我要插一只兰花螳螂,
just on its own. 就靠它自己.
What I'm going to do is sit back,watch, 我要做的就是坐下来,看着,
and see how many of these insects buzzing around here 看看有多少昆虫在这里嗡嗡作响
come up and visit each of these posts. 来看看这些帖子.
NARRATOR: Hmm. 旁白:嗯.
The flower is certainly attracting attention. 这朵花的确吸引了人们的注意.
Yet,after a slow start 然而,在一个缓慢的开始之后
the mantis is making headway. 螳螂正在前进.
The results are in. 结果出来了.
In the end,all up,our flower had 8 visits, 最后,总而言之,我们的花有8次来访,
but our mantis had 12. 但我们的螳螂有12只.
Now,I've run this experiment over and over and over again. 现在,我一遍又一遍地做这个实验.
More often than not,our mantis is actually 通常,我们的螳螂实际上是
more attractive than our flower. 比我们的花更吸引人.
So,not only are orchid mantises attracting pollinators 所以,兰花螳螂不仅吸引了传粉者
in their own right, 就其本身而言,
but they can actually be better than real flowers. 但它们实际上比真正的花更好.
NARRATOR: Somehow,the mantis is more attractive to insects 旁白:不知何故,螳螂对昆虫更有吸引力
than the flowers themselves. 而不是花本身.
What exactly is going on here? 这到底是怎么回事？
Well,we need to know how insects see the rainforest. 好吧,我们需要知道昆虫是如何看待雨林的.
Their eyes are highly sensitive to certain wavelengths of light, 他们的眼睛对某些波长的光非常敏感,
so to them,flowers glow like beacons in the jungle. 所以对他们来说,鲜花就像丛林中的灯塔一样闪闪发光.
James measured the brightness of these flowers 詹姆斯测量了这些花的亮度
and compared them to the mantis. 把它们和螳螂比较.
And remarkably,he's discovered 值得注意的是,他发现
that the dazzling fake in the forest 森林里耀眼的赝品
is a brighter stimulus than any flower. 是比任何花都更明亮的刺激物.
Tricked into visiting a deadly trap, 被骗去了一个致命的陷阱,
there's no escape. 没有办法逃脱.
This hustle is known as aggressive mimicry, 这种拥挤被称为攻击性模仿,
and the orchid mantis is not the only one 兰花螳螂不是唯一的
to use this devious trick. 用这个诡计.
Across the world, 在世界各地,
animals have adapted their bodies in extreme ways 动物以极端的方式适应了他们的身体
to lure their prey. 引诱猎物.
In Hawaii, 在夏威夷,
a carnivorous caterpillar 食肉毛虫
has morphed into what looks like a predatory plant. 变成了一种食肉植物.
The bioluminescent bait of the deep sea anglerfish 深海琵琶鱼的发光诱饵
tempts its prey. 引诱猎物.
And in caves in New Zealand,the glow worm, 在新西兰的洞穴里,萤火虫,
with its luminous tail and sticky secretions, 它发光的尾巴和粘稠的分泌物,
has created a tantalizing trap. 制造了一个诱人的陷阱.
This veritable rogue's gallery 这名副其实的流氓画廊
is the result of millions of years of artful adaptation. 是千百万年巧妙适应的结果.
All in aid of catching the next meal. 所有这些都是为了赶上下一顿饭.
But changing the way you look 但是改变你的样子
isn't the only way of setting a trap. 不是设置陷阱的唯一方法.
Out on the prairie,a new tenant has moved into a deserted den. 在大草原上,一个新的房客搬进了一个荒废的小屋.
A burrowing owl. 穴居猫头鹰.
And she has chicks,just a few weeks old, 她有几周大的小鸡,
and they're all hungry. 他们都饿了.
They eat insects.Lots of them. 它们吃昆虫.很多.
The female spends every waking hour 雌鸟醒着的每一个小时
trying to find enough food. 试图找到足够的食物.
And the stakes,well,they're really high. 而且风险很大.
You see,96% of all chick deaths 你看,96%的小鸡死亡
are due to starvation. 都是因为饥饿.
But luckily,there's a sneaky solution to this problem. 但幸运的是,这个问题有一个秘密的解决方案.
Cattle graze across these grasslands. 牛在草地上吃草.
And what goes in must come out. 进去的一定要出来.
Once it's baked by the sun, 一旦被太阳烤了,
the cow dung is ready for collection. 牛粪可以收集了.
Could it really be dung for dinner? 晚餐真的是粪吗？
Of course not. 当然不是.
But it could be considered a rather devious dinner party. 但这可以被认为是一个相当狡猾的晚宴.
Because the dung attracts some unsuspecting guests. 因为粪便吸引了一些毫无戒心的客人.
Little do they know,it's they who are on the menu. 他们不知道,菜单上是他们.
And this is where it gets really clever 这就是它变得非常聪明的地方
because little insects attract bigger prey. 因为小昆虫会吸引更大的猎物.
It's a brilliant strategy. 这是一个绝妙的策略.
Instead of flying for miles to find food, 而不是飞几英里去找食物,
now she just has to walk a few yards. 现在她只需要走几码.
And it's rich pickings for the whole family. 这对全家来说都是很好的选择.
All thanks to this very crafty trap. 多亏了这个狡猾的陷阱.
Duping your dinner to come to you 来吃你的晚餐吧
clearly has its advantages. 显然有它的优点.
But most top predators 但大多数顶级捕食者
need to actively seek out their prey 需要主动寻找猎物
to satisfy their needs. 满足他们的需要.
And that can be a real challenge. 这是一个真正的挑战.
Because these prey animals 因为这些猎物
have highly effective defense strategies. 有高效的防御策略.
But what if a predator knew about those defense strategies 但是如果捕食者知道这些防御策略呢
and used them to its own advantage? 并利用它们为自己的利益？
Well,one animal has learned to do exactly that. 嗯,有一种动物已经学会了这么做.
The killer whale. 虎鲸.
This marine mammal lives in a world of sound. 这种海洋哺乳动物生活在声音的世界里.
Because visibility is limited underwater, 因为水下能见度有限,
killer whales use a series of sounds to communicate, 虎鲸用一系列的声音来交流,
navigate,and to hunt. 导航和狩猎.
And it's during a hunt that they use sound in a very sneaky way. 在捕猎过程中,他们会鬼鬼祟祟地使用声音.
Scientist Volker Deecke is an expert 科学家沃尔克·德克是个专家
in killer whale acoustics, 在虎鲸声学中,
who's recorded some astonishing underwater audio. 他录了一些惊人的水下音频.
In his research sound studio,he explains his discoveries. 在他的录音室里,他解释了他的发现.
This is a large group of killer whales,about 50 animals, 这是一大群虎鲸,大约50种动物,
tracking a school of herring using their echolocation 利用回声定位追踪鲱鱼群
to find out where the fish are and which way they're moving. 找出鱼在哪里,它们朝哪个方向移动.
NARRATOR: Herring live in huge groups. 旁白:鲱鱼成群生活.
When threatened by predators,their defensive strategy 当受到捕食者的威胁时,他们的防御策略
is to school tightly together. 就是把学校紧紧地连在一起.
The confusing,coordinated movements of the school 学校混乱而协调的运动
make it harder for predators to single out 让捕食者更难挑出
and pick off individuals. 然后挑个人.
Herring are perfect prey for killer whales, 鲱鱼是虎鲸的完美猎物,
but how are the whales going to catch them? 但是鲸鱼要怎么抓它们呢？
Volker has recorded the remarkable answer. 沃尔克记录了这个惊人的答案.
A strange sound 奇怪的声音
that killer whales only make 虎鲸
while they're hunting herring. 当他们在捕鲱鱼的时候.
DEECKE: Now listen carefully. 迪克:现在仔细听.
That was a low frequency,loud sound 那声音很低,很响
that we presume the animals are using to concentrate the fish. 我们认为动物是用来集中鱼群的.
What we call a herding call. 我们称之为放牧.
NARRATOR: For a fish,a low-frequency sound 旁白:对于鱼来说,低频的声音
at very high volume is extremely dangerous. 在非常高的音量是非常危险的.
That sound can become a weapon. 那声音会变成武器.
This is how it works. 这就是它的工作原理.
It's similar to this famous experiment. 这和这个著名的实验很相似.
Here,a wine glass is exposed to a very loud, 在这里,一个酒杯暴露在一个非常大声,
high-frequency sound. 高频声音.
Crank up the volume 加大音量
and something incredible happens. 不可思议的事情发生了.
The sound is so powerful,it shatters the glass. 声音太大了,把玻璃震碎了.
In the case of the whales, 就鲸鱼而言,
they aren't killing the fish with the herding call. 他们没有用放牧的方式杀死鱼.
But it does alter the herring's behavior. 但它确实改变了鲱鱼的行为.
It triggers their defense mechanism. 它触发了他们的防御机制.
They school closely together. 他们紧密地在一起上学.
Other predators couldn't penetrate this living wall. 其他捕食者无法穿透这堵活墙.
But this is exactly what the killer whales want. 但这正是虎鲸想要的.
They've set a trap. 他们设了个圈套.
With the fish in a tight ball,they have no room to maneuver. 由于鱼群关系紧张,他们没有回旋的余地.
The killer whales deliver devastating tail swipes 虎鲸会发出毁灭性的尾巴撞击
with the force of an exploding grenade. 以一颗爆炸的手榴弹的力量.
And then,the whales feast on the stunned fish. 然后,鲸鱼们大吃一惊.
Sound here is being used as a deceptive weapon. 这里的声音被用作欺骗的武器.
By producing a call at a specific frequency and volume, 通过以特定的频率和音量发出呼叫,
they can modify the behavior of the herring, 它们可以改变鲱鱼的行为,
allowing the killer whales to feed more efficiently. 让虎鲸更有效地进食.
But off the coast of Alaska, 但是在阿拉斯加海岸,
killer whales have a bigger challenge. 虎鲸面临着更大的挑战.
Here,some of their main prey 在这里,他们的一些主要猎物
are the seals and sea lions that live along the rocky shores. 是生活在岩石海岸的海豹和海狮.
These animals are much more intelligent than herring, 这些动物比鲱鱼聪明得多,
and they've got exceptional hearing. 他们的听力非常好.
So they can detect any calls the killer whales make 所以他们能侦测到虎鲸的任何叫声
and then take evasive action. 然后采取逃避行动.
It would seem that the seals have the upper hand. 看来海豹突击队占了上风.
But then,how can this happen? 但是,这怎么会发生呢？
Volker's latest recording has the answer. 沃尔克的最新录音给出了答案.
Have a listen to this. 听听这个.
NARRATOR: Volker recorded a pod of three killer whales 旁白:沃尔克录下了三条虎鲸
tracking a seal. 追踪海豹.
So this is the sound of a male harbor seal 这是雄性海豹的声音
displaying to a female,in order to attract a female, 向女性展示,以吸引女性,
but also displaying to other males, 但也向其他雄性动物展示,
trying to defend its territory. 试图保卫自己的领土.
NARRATOR: Once the whales hear these calls, 旁白:一旦鲸鱼听到这些叫声,
the hunt is on. 狩猎开始了.
And Volker's recording 还有沃尔克的录音
reveals something extraordinary. 揭示了一些不同寻常的东西.
Here's the sound of the seal. 这是封印的声音.
And now listen. 现在听我说.
Even though this is a group of three animals, 尽管这是三只动物组成的一组,
there's no echolocation whatsoever. 没有回声定位.
No communication. 没有交流.
The animals are keeping extremely quiet, 动物们非常安静,
and that is of course because the seal could hear these sounds 这当然是因为海豹能听到这些声音
and would make a hasty escape. 会匆匆逃走.
And now,carefully,I'm going to just raise the volume. 现在,小心点,我要提高音量.
Here you hear the sounds of the whales 在这里你能听到鲸鱼的声音
swimming towards that seal. 游向那只海豹.
And now speeding up rapidly 现在速度很快
And bam,hitting the seal. 砰的一声,击中了海豹.
And now if you listen carefully, 如果你现在仔细听,
you can actually hear the sounds of bones crunching, 你可以听到骨头嘎吱作响,
flesh ripping,and that's the end of that seal. 撕碎肉体,封印就这样结束了.
Absolutely amazing hunting techniques. 绝对惊人的狩猎技术.
Adaptable,flexible, 适应性强,灵活,
depending on what prey they're after. 取决于他们在找什么猎物.
NARRATOR: The killer whales are consciously being quiet 旁白:虎鲸有意识地保持安静
so that they can sneak up on their prey. 这样他们就可以偷袭猎物了.
They're operating in radio silence. 他们在无线电静默中工作.
That's the key to their hustle. 这是他们奋力拼搏的关键.
Across the world's oceans, 穿越世界海洋,
killer whales and other large marine predators 虎鲸和其他大型海洋食肉动物
also use an artful visual ploy to help them hunt. 也可以使用巧妙的视觉策略来帮助它们捕猎.
Take the great white shark. 以大白鲨为例.
They need stealth and surprise to launch an attack. 他们需要秘密行动和出其不意的进攻.
But how can you hide in the vast open ocean? 但是你怎么能躲在广阔的海洋里呢？
Well,it seems they use a kind of disappearing act. 嗯,他们好像用了一种消失的动作.
A shark's body coloration works like an invisibility cloak. 鲨鱼的体色就像隐形斗篷.
Dark on top,light underneath. 上面黑,下面亮.
It's called countershading. 这叫做反阴影.
Viewed from above,the dark skin of the shark's back 从上面看,鲨鱼背部的黑色皮肤
blends eerily into the shadowy ocean depths. 诡异地融入了朦胧的海洋深处.
Seen from below, 从下面看,
its pale underside matches the lighter water 它苍白的底面与清淡的水相配
near the surface. 靠近地表.
For the illusion to really work,though, 不过,为了让幻觉真正发挥作用,
the shark has to disappear when it's viewed from the side, 从侧面看鲨鱼必须消失,
and this is where countershading is most effective. 这是反阴影最有效的地方.
Let's put it to the test. 让我们来测试一下.
Two spheres. 两个球体.
One is white 一个是白色的
and the other is painted dark gray on top 另一个上面是深灰色的
and white underneath,to look like a shark. 下面是白色的,看起来像鲨鱼.
Now,in the ocean,light from the sun 现在,在海洋里,阳光
always comes from above 总是来自上头
as replicated here. 就像这里复制的一样.
On the white sphere, 在白色球体上,
a shadow is cast by the top of the sphere itself. 一个阴影是由球体的顶部投射的.
And it stands out against the backdrop. 它在背景的衬托下显得格外突出.
But the other sphere is very different. 但另一个领域却大不相同.
The top light falls on the gray, 顶灯照在灰色上,
and it's balanced by the shadow underneath. 它被下面的阴影所平衡.
With light coming from above, 光线从上面射来,
it becomes a lot more difficult to see. 它变得更加难以看清.
It's a devious design 这是个狡猾的设计
that has helped sharks to sneak up on their prey for millennia. 几千年来,这帮助鲨鱼偷袭猎物.
And they're not the only ones. 他们不是唯一的.
There's countershading in penguins. 企鹅有反阴影.
Sailfish have it. 旗鱼有它.
Even humpback whales. 即使是座头鲸.
It's stealthy,it's smart 它很隐蔽,很聪明
and it works. 而且很管用.
A cloaking device like this 像这样的隐形装置
gives ocean predators the edge in the hunt. 让海洋捕食者在捕猎中占据优势.
But other animals have a very different problem. 但是其他动物有一个非常不同的问题.
To get the food they need to survive, 为了得到生存所需的食物,
they have to compete with others of their own kind. 他们必须与其他同类竞争.
And that's when things can get very sneaky indeed. 那时候事情会变得很诡异.
Tucked away in these canyon lands are some of the planet's 隐藏在这些峡谷里的是地球上的一些
most intelligent monkeys. 最聪明的猴子.
And being clever, 聪明点,
they can think up some deliberately deceitful ways 他们可以想出一些故意欺骗的方法
to get a meal. 去吃饭.
These are tufted capuchins. 这些是簇绒卷尾猴.
Here,everyone knows their place in the hierarchy. 在这里,每个人都知道自己在等级制度中的地位.
There's the alpha male, 有个大男人,
literally at the top of the tree. 在树的顶端.
And this is a female 这是一个女性
who happens to be right at the bottom of the pecking order. 他正好在最底层.
She's most often left to scrabble around in the dirt 她经常被留在土里到处乱跑
for a meager meal. 为了一顿微薄的饭.
Monkey troops work together to find food 猴子部队一起寻找食物
and then share the spoils. 然后分享战利品.
Well,at least that's the theory. 好吧,至少理论上是这样.
Primatologist Camila Coelho 灵长类动物学家卡米拉·科埃略
wondered how collaborative they really were. 想知道他们到底有多合作.
To find out,she put the monkeys to the test. 为了找出答案,她对猴子进行了测试.
Inside the box are some highly nutritious nuts, 盒子里有一些营养丰富的坚果,
which they can smell. 它们能闻到.
But the monkeys must solve the problem 但是猴子必须解决这个问题
of how to get at them. 如何对付他们.
Once one monkey has figured it out, 一旦一只猴子弄明白了,
he should share the solution with the others. 他应该和其他人分享解决办法.
The big boys are first in line. 大男孩排在第一位.
And the lowly female is watching every move. 卑微的女人在监视着她的一举一动.
But brute force isn't the answer. 但暴力并不是答案.
The younger capuchins move in next. 年轻的卷尾猴接着搬进来.
They're much more inquisitive 他们更好奇
and try brains over brawn. 试着用大脑而不是肌肉.
But they still just can't work it out. 但他们还是无法解决.
Now that everyone else has tried, 既然其他人都试过了,
our low-ranking female 我们的低级别女性
is finally allowed to take her turn. 终于可以轮到她了.
She needs to think outside the box 她需要跳出框框思考
if she's going to crack this conundrum. 如果她要破解这个难题.
She's done it! 她做到了！
And what she should do next 她下一步该怎么做
is share the rewards with the rest of the group. 与团队其他成员分享奖励.
But this Machiavellian monkey 但是这个马基雅维利的猴子
is keeping her newfound knowledge to herself. 她发现自己在保持新知识.
You see,being so low ranking, 你看,排名这么低,
if she lets others know how to get to the nuts, 如果她让别人知道怎么去做,
she'll lose her sole access to this precious food. 她将失去唯一能得到这些珍贵食物的机会.
She's deliberately disregarding the rules, 她故意无视规则,
hustling her own troop to finally get her share 逼着自己的队伍最终得到她的那份
of some vital nutrients. 一些重要的营养素.
Sometimes,deception is the only option 有时候,欺骗是唯一的选择
if you're at the bottom of the pecking order. 如果你在最底层.
Tricking your companions out of a meal is one thing. 骗你的同伴吃饭是一回事.
But what if it could be stolen from right under their noses? 但是如果它能在他们眼皮底下被偷走呢？
Autumn in Britain. 英国的秋天.
A critical season for animals 动物的关键季节
that must prepare for the cold winter months ahead. 这必须为即将到来的寒冬做好准备.
Introducing the gray squirrel. 介绍灰松鼠.
Famous for its nut hoarding abilities. 以其贮藏坚果的能力而闻名.
A squirrel will hide a staggering 3,000 nuts 一只松鼠会藏下令人吃惊的3000个坚果
in 3,000 different locations. 在3000个不同的地方.
And incredibly,months later, 难以置信的是,几个月后,
he can remember where 90% of those nuts are buried. 他能记得90%的坚果埋在哪里.
He has to. 他必须这么做.
He must eat 20 nuts a day 他每天必须吃20个坚果
if he's to survive through the winter, 如果他想过冬,
so nuts are quite literally a matter of life or death. 所以坚果实际上是一个生死攸关的问题.
But there's a problem here. 但这里有个问题.
Thieves are lurking! 小偷在潜伏！
While our squirrel buries nuts for his winter supplies, 当我们的松鼠为冬天的食物埋坚果时,
he's being watched. 他被监视了.
Nut safely stored,the squirrel departs the scene. 坚果安全存放,松鼠离开现场.
And the onlooker moves in for the heist. 围观的人进来抢劫.
Undeniably devious behavior. 不可否认的不正当行为.
So,is there anything that our squirrel can do 那么,我们的松鼠能做些什么吗
to throw a thief off the scent? 把一个小偷从气味中赶走？
Well,there is. 嗯,有.
He's got a sneaky strategy of his own. 他有自己的诡计.
Gray squirrels will dig up nuts they've already buried 灰松鼠会把已经埋好的坚果挖出来
and then re-bury them in a different place, 然后把它们重新埋在另一个地方,
throwing thieves off the scent. 把窃贼赶走.
But there's one situation 但有一种情况
where our squirrel exhibits true deceptive genius, 在那里我们的松鼠展示了真正的欺骗天才,
and it's something that will be familiar 这是一件很熟悉的事
to anyone who's seen a street hustler. 任何见过街头骗子的人.
You know the score. 你知道比分.
The ball goes into one cup. 球进了一个杯子.
The other two are empty. 另外两个是空的.
The trick is to work out where the ball goes. 诀窍是找出球的去向.
Fooling his audience takes timing and misdirection. 愚弄他的听众需要时间和误导.
And like the con artist, 就像骗子一样,
the gray squirrel has also mastered sleight of hand. 灰松鼠也掌握了手艺.
Time to see this hustle in action. 是时候看看这场混乱的行动了.
Okay,here's our squirrel. 好吧,这是我们的松鼠.
Nut in mouth,poised to bury. 嘴里叼着坚果,准备埋葬.
And here is the thief. 小偷来了.
He moves closer for a better view. 他走近些看得更清楚.
But look. 但是你看.
Does our squirrel know that he's being watched? 我们的松鼠知道他被监视了吗？
Either way,he carries on. 不管怎样,他还是继续.
From the thief's point of view, 从小偷的角度来看,
these are the actions of a squirrel burying a nut. 这是松鼠埋坚果的动作.
But wait,it turns out that our squirrel has been faking it. 但是等等,原来我们的松鼠一直在假装.
When he spotted the thief,he opted for Plan B 当他发现小偷时,他选择了B计划
misdirection. 误导.
The thief has seen only what our squirrel wanted him to see. 小偷只看到了我们松鼠想让他看到的东西.
He continued to dig,but he didn't deposit the nut. 他继续挖,但没有把坚果放进去.
The ultimate sleight of hand. 终极的花招.
Oblivious to the trick, 忘了这个把戏,
the thief heads towards the freshly dug hole 小偷朝新挖的洞走去
only to find 只是为了找到
a freshly dug hole. 新挖的洞.
Foiled! 失败了！
Our squirrel is free to bury his nut in a new location 我们的松鼠可以把它的坚果埋在一个新的地方
known only to him. 只有他知道.
This is a case of deception 这是一个骗局
and then counter-deception evolving at the same time. 同时反欺骗也在发展.
And the strategies they've come up with 以及他们想出的策略
make these little rodents one of the most successful mammals 让这些小啮齿动物成为最成功的哺乳动物之一
on our planet. 在我们的星球上.
Sleight of hand 花招
helps sneaky squirrels get one up on each other. 帮助狡猾的松鼠互相攻击.
But there is one animal 但是有一种动物
that uses devious and far darker tactics 他们使用了诡计多端的手段
on the most vulnerable of their own kind. 在他们同类中最脆弱的人身上.
A millionaire's playground, 百万富翁的游乐场,
off the coast of California. 在加利福尼亚海岸附近.
And a male sea otter is cruising the harbor. 一只雄性海獭正在港口巡航.
To get his next meal,he's got a really despicable plan. 为了吃下一顿饭,他有一个非常卑鄙的计划.
It involves a female sea otter and her pup. 它涉及到一只雌性海獭和她的幼崽.
The pup is just old enough 小狗已经够大了
to accompany her mother on foraging trips. 陪她妈妈去觅食.
Giving the male an opportunity. 给雄性一个机会.
He picks the perfect moment. 他选择了最佳时机.
While the female is fishing, 当雌鱼在钓鱼的时候,
her precious pup is all alone at the surface 她的宝贝小狗独自一人在水面上
and vulnerable. 而且很脆弱.
When the mother surfaces 当母亲浮出水面时
she hears the cry of her youngster. 她听到她孩子的哭声.
The cunning male has kidnapped the baby. 狡猾的男人绑架了婴儿.
He knows the female will come to the rescue, 他知道女人会来救他的,
and the ransom is always the same. 赎金总是一样的.
In an underwater exchange, 在水下交流中,
the female gives up the food she's just found to the male, 雌性把刚找到的食物给雄性,
and the pup is released unharmed. 小狗安然无恙获释.
This is called hostage behavior, 这叫做人质行为,
and it's surprisingly common. 这是令人惊讶的普遍现象.
A deliberate manipulation of a mother's love, 故意操纵母爱,
all to get food. 都是为了得到食物.
Theft is sneaky way to an easy snack. 偷窃是一种偷偷摸摸的小吃.
But some very cheeky monkeys 但是一些非常厚颜无耻的猴子
have taken stealing to a whole new level. 把偷窃提升到了一个全新的高度.
And their target is much closer to home. 他们的目标离家乡更近.
Meet the nefarious long-tailed macaque. 见见邪恶的长尾猕猴.
This temple is home to a very special gang of monkeys. 这座庙里住着一群非常特别的猴子.
With more than 300 macaques here, 这里有300多只猕猴,
they need a lot of food. 他们需要很多食物.
But temple offerings and tourist scraps 但是庙里的祭品和游客的残羹剩饭
just aren't enough for these monkey mobsters. 对这些猴子暴徒是不够的.
They've got their eyes on far more nutritious fare, 他们把目光投向了更有营养的食物,
and what they're doing to get it is downright criminal. 他们所做的是彻头彻尾的犯罪.
WOMAN: Attention to the visitors. 女:注意游客.
Please be careful in bringing sunglasses, 带太阳镜时请小心,
hats,jewelry,and other valuables 帽子、珠宝和其他贵重物品
that can be taken by the monkeys. 猴子可以拿走的.
Thank you for your attention. 谢谢你的关注.
NARRATOR: These monkeys have turned to a life of crime. 旁白:这些猴子开始犯罪了.
-Brazen.-Aah! -厚颜无耻.-啊！
NARRATOR: Audacious. 旁白:大胆.
They're deliberately targeting humans. 他们故意以人类为目标.
They never hurt their marks. 他们从不伤害自己的印记.
They're just grabbing anything of value. 他们只是抢走任何有价值的东西.
Of course,monkeys don't eat flip-flops or sunglasses. 当然,猴子不吃人字拖或太阳镜.
But this stealing is still all about food, 但这次偷窃还是为了食物,
just not in the way that you'd expect. 只是没有你期望的那样.
They're holding our stuff for ransom. 他们拿着我们的东西索要赎金.
You see,these monkeys are stealing valuables 你看,这些猴子在偷贵重物品
they know we want back, 他们知道我们想要回来,
and then using them to barter with us for food. 然后用它们和我们交换食物.
They won't give up their loot, 他们不会放弃他们的战利品,
not until they're offered 除非有人提供
the specific food that they want. 他们想要的特定食物.
Often,it's the fare with the highest nutritional value. 通常,这是营养价值最高的食物.
As negotiation and bartering are so extraordinary 因为谈判和易货是如此的不寻常
in the animal world, 在动物界,
Jean-Baptiste and his research team 让·巴普蒂斯特和他的研究团队
are studying how this complex deception develops. 正在研究这个复杂的骗局是如何发展的.
Here at Uluwatu Temple, 在乌鲁瓦图神庙,
his researchers have been focusing 他的研究人员一直在关注
on the mechanics and methods 论力学与方法
of the bartering process. 以物易物的过程.
It probably started here 可能是从这里开始的
because an inventor came up with this particular behavior, 因为一个发明家想出了这种特殊的行为,
an initiator. 发起者.
Just someone coming up with a new solution to a new problem. 只是有人想出了解决新问题的新办法.
In this particular case,it's obviously 在这种情况下,很明显
nutritionally beneficial. 有益于营养.
They get really something out of it. 他们从中得到了一些东西.
So,in this particular population,it spread. 所以,在这个特定的人群中,它传播开来.
And how did it spread? We're sure it spread socially. 它是怎么传播的？我们确信它在社会上传播.
It's definitely a cultural behavior. 这绝对是一种文化行为.
They definitely learn socially. 他们肯定是在社交方面学习的.
NARRATOR: So the monkeys are copying this dishonest trade 旁白:所以猴子们在模仿这种不诚实的交易
from one another. 从另一个.
Although getting the hang of this criminal enterprise 虽然掌握了这一犯罪活动的窍门
can take time. 可能需要时间.
It takes years,it takes practice 这需要很多年,需要练习
for young individuals to learn how to barter. 让年轻人学会如何以物易物.
The monkeys,they learn to steal objects, 猴子学东西,
tokens that are not valuable to them. 对他们来说没有价值的代币.
For example an adult male, 比如一个成年男性,
a particularly skilled individual, 一个特别熟练的人,
will somehow learn to associate sunglasses 不知怎的会学会联想太阳镜
with the food items that they prefer the most. 他们最喜欢的食物.
NARRATOR: Monkeys are intelligent creatures. 旁白:猴子是聪明的动物.
Like us,they have the ability to learn, 像我们一样,他们有学习的能力,
to adapt their feeding behaviors 以适应它们的进食行为
to get the best from any situation. 在任何情况下都能做到最好.
When it comes to getting food, 一提到食物,
these monkeys can outwit us in a flash. 这些猴子能在一瞬间胜过我们.
But brazen theft like this is risky. 但像这样厚颜无耻的偷窃是有风险的.
A much safer and more cunning plan 一个更安全更狡猾的计划
would be to convince another animal 是为了说服另一种动物
to give up their food naturally. 自然放弃食物.
Well,a stunning little bird 好吧,一只漂亮的小鸟
has come up with an outrageous hustle that does exactly this. 已经想出了一个无耻的行动,正是这样.
Meet the Steller's jay. 见见斯特勒的杰伊.
It's winter here in Northern California, 现在是北加州的冬天,
and that's a big problem. 这是个大问题.
Food is scarce. 食物短缺.
Garden bird feeders are a lifeline for this jay 花园里的喂鸟器是这只松鸦的生命线
though dozens of other birds 尽管有很多其他的鸟
are also making the most of the feast. 也在充分利用这场盛宴.
The food isn't going to last very long. 这食物吃不了多久了.
But the Steller's jay 但斯特勒是杰伊
has a clever plan to hustle up a meal. 有一个很聪明的计划来匆匆忙忙地吃一顿饭.
A red-shouldered hawk - 红肩鹰-
the neighborhood's top predator. 邻居的头号捕食者.
Just the sound of its distinctive call 只是它独特的叫声
sends these birds scattering. 让这些鸟散开.
And the jay knows this 杰伊知道这一点
and uses it to its own advantage. 并利用它为自己的利益.
This jay has learned to pull off 这只小鸡已经学会了脱缰
a pitch-perfect copy of the hawk's call. 一个完美的鹰叫声副本.
And with the other birds tricked, 其他的鸟被骗了,
there's no competition for the food. 食物没有竞争.
Job done! 工作完成了！
Now,most animals wouldn't tolerate 现在,大多数动物都无法忍受
being tricked like this time and time again. 一次又一次被骗.
These little birds will eventually 这些小鸟最终会
get wise to the jay's con. 对杰伊的骗局要聪明点.
So if a hustle is going to work in the long term, 因此,如果从长远来看,一场喧嚣能奏效,
it needs regulating and adapting. 它需要调整和适应.
And another dishonest bird has a plan for that. 另一只不诚实的鸟有一个计划.
Not only has it perfected the art of the hustle, 它不仅完善了喧嚣的艺术,
it uses the most extraordinary trick to get itself a meal. 它用最特别的方法给自己弄到一顿饭.
It's the ultimate competitor in the hunger games. 它是饥饿游戏的终极竞争对手.
The drongo. 德隆戈.
Now,it might look warm and sunny here, 现在,这里可能看起来温暖而阳光明媚,
but it's winter,and times are tough. 但现在是冬天,日子很艰难.
The flying insects that the drongo usually eats 飞虫通常吃的飞虫
just aren't around in these low temperatures. 只是在这么低的温度下不在附近.
The only grubs and insects here live underground. 这里唯一的幼虫和昆虫生活在地下.
And other animals are far better equipped 而其他动物的装备则要高得多
to dig them up than our drongo. 把他们挖出来.
Without this food, 没有这些食物,
his survival rests on a knife edge. 他的生存岌岌可危.
So,in order to survive, 所以,为了生存,
the drongo has evolved a very devious strategy. 德隆戈号进化出了一种非常狡猾的策略.
He's become a con artist of the highest order. 他成了最高级别的骗子.
In the world of the con, 在骗局的世界里,
an elaborate hustle plays out 一场精心策划的闹剧上演了
between the player,the drongo, 在玩家之间,
and his victim, 还有他的受害者,
the mark. 标记.
The mark,in this case, 在这种情况下,
is another species of bird,the sociable weaver. 是另一种鸟类,善于交际的织布工.
They feed on the ground, 它们以地面为食,
using their large,powerful bills to dig up the food. 用它们的大而有力的喙来挖食物.
But out in the open, 但是在外面,
they are vulnerable to predators. 它们很容易受到捕食者的攻击.
And that's where the drongo comes in. 这就是drongo的用武之地.
He offers the singularly most important thing 他提供了最重要的东西
for small birds like these protection. 像这样的小鸟保护.
When trouble looms, 当麻烦来临时,
the drongo lets the weavers know about it with an alarm call. drongo用一个报警电话让织布工知道了.
When the danger is gone 当危险消失的时候
he gives them an "all clear" call. 他给了他们一个“通关”的电话.
The weavers trust the drongo implicitly. 织工们含蓄地信任德鲁戈.
So the first stage of this con has been established. 所以这个骗局的第一阶段已经成立.
Now the hustle can commence. 现在可以开始忙碌了.
With the drongo on lookout duty, 当班的时候,
the weavers spend less time worrying about predators 织布工花更少的时间担心捕食者
and more time foraging 还有更多的时间去觅食
digging up that vital food. 挖那些重要的食物.
The drongo's alarm call. 警钟响了.
And that means danger. 这意味着危险.
But all is not what it seems. 但一切都不是看上去的那样.
That alarm call was in fact a fake. 那个报警电话实际上是假的.
There is no predator. 没有捕食者.
And with the weavers gone, 织布工走了,
the drongo eats all the food they've just dug up. 他们把刚挖出来的食物都吃掉了.
And then,he gives the "all clear" call. 然后,他发出了“全部清除”的命令.
Within minutes,the drongo is back on duty, 几分钟后,德隆戈号就回来了,
and the weavers are none the wiser. 织布工一点也不聪明.
Now,he's got to keep his side of the bargain. 现在,他必须遵守他的协议.
He's got to protect them from real predators, 他要保护它们不受真正的掠食者的伤害,
or they'll get wise to his protection racket. 否则他们会知道他的保护措施.
But,in fact,the drongo's con 但事实上,德隆戈的骗局
gets much more sophisticated than this. 比这复杂得多.
This strategy is so effective 这个策略很有效
that drongos have learned to employ it 那个笨蛋已经学会用它了
on many other creatures, 在很多其他生物身上,
including meerkats. 包括猫鼬.
They're much smarter than the weavers, 他们比织布工聪明得多,
so the drongo needs to raise his game. 所以德隆哥需要提高他的水平.
Meerkats have their own lookout. 猫鼬有自己的了望台.
And it's one that they entrust with their lives. 这是他们把生命托付给他们的.
Yet,if there are predators about, 但是,如果周围有捕食者,
a second pair of eyes is always very useful, 第二双眼睛总是很有用的,
and the drongo can exploit this. 德隆哥人可以利用这个.
That food has caught his eye. 那食物引起了他的注意.
He makes a fake alarm call. 他打了个假警报.
It should send them running. 应该会让他们逃跑.
But no,the meerkats aren't fooled that easily. 但不,猫鼬可没那么容易上当.
He needs another plan. 他需要另一个计划.
And what the drongo does now is really sneaky. 德隆哥现在做的事真的很狡猾.
From out of the blue, 突然间,
it's the sound of a meerkat alarm call. 是猫鼬的叫声.
But that was no meerkat. 但那不是猫鼬.
No,that was our drongo. 不,那是我们的酒馆.
The sneaky devil has switched tactics, 鬼鬼祟祟的魔鬼改变了策略,
and by mimicking the meerkat's own alarm call, 通过模仿猫鼬自己的叫声,
he tricks them completely 他完全欺骗了他们
and gets all the food for himself. 把所有的食物都给他自己吃.
The drongo is the ultimate con artist. drongo是终极骗子.
He can decide which of his fake calls to use 他可以决定用哪一个假电话
depending on the situation and the mark. 视情况和标记而定.
If the drongo thinks,for just a moment, 如果蠢货想,就一会儿,
that the mark is going to figure out the trick, 马克会想出窍门的,
this little bird changes tactics to guarantee success. 这只小鸟改变战术以保证成功.
This makes the drongo 这就让酒鬼喝多了
one of the most devious animals on our planet. 地球上最狡猾的动物之一.
So,we've met the extraordinary creatures that will lie, 所以,我们见过会说谎的非凡生物,
cheat,and steal their way to their next meal. 欺骗,偷着吃下一顿饭.
Sneaky strategies that ensure 确保
that they'll live to see another day. 他们会活着看到另一天.
All these tricks and more go into the ultimate game. 所有这些技巧和更多的进入终极游戏.
Animals everywhere are battling for sex 世界各地的动物都在为性而战
and the right to raise the next generation. 还有抚养下一代的权利.
But the sneaks,the cheats,the love rats, 但是那些偷偷摸摸的骗子,那些爱老鼠,
they have something more seductive in mind. 他们有更诱人的想法.
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To learn more about what you've seen on this "Nature" program, 想了解更多关于“自然”节目的内容,
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